Production of fatty acid concentrates



Oct. 6, 1953 G. H. PALMER PRODUCTION OF' FATTY ACID CONCENTRATES Original Filed Jan. 9, 1946 Patented Oct. 6, 1953 ,-92654,728 QEODUCTION OFFATTYSACB) $1 This invention: relates; an :for :producing fatty @Cl --more -partcularlyithe ,"glyceridesttoafatty @Cid CQllQll S- vplication is a continuait y' normally solid fats, @which ivange coinmerciaily 1,0 t

seed oil f-oots.

.In the preductionzof iatty.acid. concentrates-it has been the custom heretofore to subject t1 ie fats,V which may or may-not.alreadycoxitarigfatty -:aeids, to hydrolysisttreatment 'designed vto. produce asfigreatia ,conyerfsion1y of L glycerdes-to fatty `acids a5 ispracticable. Aeecondary rim insuchioperationslisgthezfproduction l of an aqueous. glycerinv solutoneof;highiconceiitration.

y-ggfreatelg which are encounteredfintoertainreqttonn@weep aity f The hydrolysisetreaitment is carried out ,byure-H time produce a glycerin-solution@ highfeoneentrationthe counteieurrena:in etlgioci;` of operation, .described by.y :Tilghmann-this; U;

' Lhas been` adopted.

Y"The :twoz:fprincipahemethodai which: @redeemlployed maybe designgtedeas-.the-z autoelavemeth- Vod and the 'ILwtchell.methodsg` nheiolmel-llhe merci/@dimmed Widmann-,lievi t1.. i11 a iiit minder conditions.

patine f :,temperaturestas-lowf as 285,3 EL may Abe,leningloyed'rf.

ethod "f in d tifiiatyl, acid' sionent; UvT

i such methods color bodies,

tal fatty acids 4and abismos acids which it is practicable to reach in the various methods of hydrolysis is the basis on which ordinarily are evaluated. In each process, furthermore, the necessity for reaching a high concentration of `fatty acids in the product represents Ya large proportion of the expense of the operation. For example, the treatment of l a fat to paratus paratus necessary to effect a 90 percent conversion of the glyceride to fatty acid. Furthermore,

reach a 99 percent split may require apdouble or quadruple the size ofthe ap-v the employment of high temperatures and high pressures and the use of special reagents and catalysts may be responsibe for the production Lof large amounts of undesired Icy-products.' such as pitch and unsaturated compounds which react, a l

when the fatty acid product is stored, to produce It is an object of method for producing fatty acid concentrates containing substantially no glycerides, color bodies, or unsaturated materials capable of developing coloron standing. It isa furtherjobject of the invention to provide a combined hydrolysis and concentrating method in which the extreme operating conditions previously necessary in the hydrolysis operation to reach a high degree of conversion are not'necessary, but which produces nevertheless, fatty acid concentrates of the maximum degree of concentration. It is a still further object of the invention to provide ya combined hydrolysis and concentrating method which produces a color-free fatty acid concentrate and a recycle stock for the hydrolysis step which is of light color. Other objects will be made apparent by the following detailed description of the invention.

In the detailed descriL tion of the improved process the'solvent or concentrating agent employed will be designated as propane It is to be understood, however, that propane is merely a preferred solvent and that the invention includes the employment of other compounds of relatively low critical temperature which are inert under conditions of use and non-reactive un- Vder such conditions with the constituents of the fatty mixtures treated by such agents. These in'- clude low-boiling hydrocarbons other than propane, such as methane, ethane, the butanes, the pentanes, and the corresponding olefins, as well as mixtures thereof such asa mixture of methane and normal butane. Other agents-include other organic compounds such as halogenated hydro- Y carbons, including dichlordifluor methane, dimethyl ether, and methyl fiuoride. Still other agents, or solvents, which may be used are carbondioxide and ammonia. In general it may be said that inert and non-reactive compounds having critical temperatures not substantially higher than 450 F., and in which the fatty iacid-V glyceride mixture to be treated is at least partially soluble at temperatures below the critical temperature, may be employed satisfactorily. The preferred agents are those whose critical temperatures are lower than 325 F., such as normally gaseous compounds having the desired solvent power in the liquefied condition.

In Vthe following detailed description of the invention reference will be made to percentages of fatty vacids and glycerides in fats, and various degrees of hydrolysis, or split," which are achieved in the treatment of fats or fatty mixtures. In all cases the percentages given are based on the content of saponiable constituents, i. e., the to- Aglycerides, in the mixtures.

this invention to providera :stantially Y free i-f-rom glycerides the fatty acid productV obtained by this method is Vhighest pressure employed The unsaponiiiable content of the mixture, which i percent of glycerides, to solvent fractionation with liquid propane at elevated temperature in a counter-current reflux-fractionation zone, as described below, to produce an extract phase sub- It is found that substantially colorless and free from constituents vcapable of developing color bodies in the concentrate. Apparently the presence of a substan- V`tial proportion of glycerides in the fractionation Y zone permits the removal of color bodies from the fatty acid mixture to an extent which would not occur in the. absence of the glycerides under otherwise similar conditions. If the amount of glycerides in the fatty mixture is less than 10 percent a similar result may beV obtained by regulating the solvent fractionation treatment to produce a final raffinate phase containing at least 10 percent of the fatty mixture. e

In its preferred embodiment the improved process involves a hydrolysis, or fat-splitting, treatment of a glyceride-containing fat and thc treatment of a yfatty acid-glyceride mixture to produce a clear fatty acid concentrate. In this embodiment of the process the fat may be subjected to the solvent fractionation treatment before or after, or both before and after, the hydrolysis treatment, in various arrangements which will be described by reference to the accompanying drawing.

vThe accompanying drawing is a diagrammatic representation in elevation of an arrangement of apparatus adapted to carry out the improved process and the various modifications thereof, which will be described by reference to the drawlng.

' An important function in the improved process is performed in tower I, which provides a, zone for carrying out solvent fractionation of fatty mixtures with liquid propane in counter-current contact under refluxing conditions. The principal function of tower I is the production of a fatty acid concentrate as an overhead product, but this tower may be made to serve other functions in addition to, or instead of, fatty acid concentration. Tower I is an elongated vessel arranged vertically and constructed to withstand a sufficiently high internal pressure to maintain the propane in a liquefied condition under the highest temperature to be used in the treatment to be carried out in tower Ordinarily, the vwill be about 600 pounds per square inch, but necessarily this maximum will depend upon the boiling characteristics and the critical temperature of the specific solvent or concentrating agent employed.

Tower I also is provided preferably with suitable means for promoting intimate contact be- 'top of" tower I are associated acuarios S and' withdrawmg part f the -iipnowing liquid phaseis indicatedat.

For reasons which -will be described below,-it may be necessary or desirable nto Aheatthe Vcontents of tower I to maintain ditferentialsin temperature between certain locations in 'the' tower. This usually involves heating the'upiiowing liquid phase in the upperpart oftower I to maintain a temperature dinerential or gradient between the top ofthe tower and the lower part ofthe tower. Such heating means are indicated diagrammatically by coils 6. It wiiljbeunderstood, however, that the location of the` coils depends entirely upon the point or pointsintheitower at which it is desired to suply heat.

In the normal operation of tower I, a stream of propane is introduced into tower I -at a point near the bottom thereof, asthrQu-gh'line'l, and a stream of oil to be fractionatedfis passed into the tower at an intermediate point,rorvat interme diate'points, as through lines 8,9,10 and I'I. As a result of the difference ,in lf'ravityLbetween the oil and the propane two counter-flowing streams are formed, the propane stream flowing upwardly toward an overhead draw-oir line at I2, andthe oil stream iiowing downwardly toward a bottom draw-off at I3. While it is` preferredordinarily to employ the liquid propane in a volumetric` ratio of propane to oil of at least :1, the temperature, pressure, and reflux kconclitions are regulated whereby theoil and the propane are only partially miscible, and form two phases. One phase contains al1 but a small portion of the propane and thatportion ofthe oil which it is desired to extract in the propane. This phase constitutes the upwardlyflowing propane stream in tower I and is designated as the propane phase, or as the upper phase, or as the extract phase. The other phase contains only a small, proportion of the propane and a larger proportion of the oil in a propane:oi1 ratiomuchlower than that of the propane phase. This phase, which is substantially heavier than ythe propane phase and thus flows downwardly in the tower, is` designated as the oil phase, or the bottom phase, or the raHnate phase.

The pressure maintained on tower Iis selected primarily to maintain the. contents of the tower in liquid condition and provide ,asufiicient margin over the minimum to permitslight adjustments of pressure during the operation. The maximum temperature to begemployed` in tower I will ordinarily not be higher thana ew degrees above the critical temperatureof thel solvent or concentrating agent. For most operations the maximum .temperature in tower I Willbeflower than such critical temperature. The lcritical temperature of the hydrocarbon, fpropane -is 206.3 F., whereas the critical` pressureis 617.4 pounds per square inch. When using; this hydrocarbon as the concentratingagentaan,operating pressure of 60G-700 t pounds. per` square. inchV is satisfactory.

The temperature in. the topiofrtowery I ,adjacent line I2, is maintained.l at' thelevel necessary,fin View of the propane-fatratior employed, the de- Vgrec` of refluxing employed and; to-alesser extent,

the pressure on tower I,` to- 'dissolve in the propane phase withdrawn through :line I2 only' those ingredientsv of thefattymixture desired inV the overhead product of,- tower I. In general it may be said that relatively high temperatures in the with relatively high propane-fat ratios and relatively low reuX ratios. yWhen employing the XAhydrocarbon propane -as the Aconcentrating Lagent, the :temperature which is foundtoabeinecessary inthe ftop of tower I ordinarilywillibezlYOtoi2201F.

The temperature in `the-bottom lof `tower .I .may be maintainedatthezsame level as-the;toptem perature. Ordinarily, however, .efiicient operation involves the maintena-nce .of a .substantial temperature gradient in tower I, so thatibottom temperatures somewhat below the top temperature are found to be desirable. The range of temperatures employed in the bottom of tower I is, therefore, approximately 160 to 220 F. The temperature differential between the top and bottom of tower I mayvary from 1.'F. to.60 F. In general, the range of operating temperatures is from a temperature -a-ffew degrees'above -the critical temperature of the concentrating agent to a temperature below such critical temperature. This range -of temperaturefis conveniently referred to as the paracritical --range since it is the range-of temperatures near the critical temperature. The vrelatively high temperature and pressure conditions in the tower which make possible precise fractionation herein described, are called paracritical conditions.

The top and bottom-temperatures maintained in tower I must be correlated to permit withdrawal of the fats from the `top and-bottom of tower I in the desiredratio and vat a combined rate of withdrawal equal to the chargerate. The bottom temperature isselected with the object of excluding from the lower lphase rwithdrawn through line I3 as-much as possible of the constituents of the fat which it is desiredto include in the overhead product. However, the temperature in the bottom of tower I mustbe maintained above any temperature at which therek occurs complete miscibility ofthe fat in the propane. A relatively low bottomtemperature is employed in tower I when it is desired to .withdraw as a bottoms product only a small proportion of the fat charged to tower I. In general, relatively high bottom temperatures are associated with relatively high propane-fat ratios,u and Vice versa. The temperature inthe bottom of tower I may be maintained conveniently at the desiredjlevel by control of the temperature to thepropane stream passing into towerIfrom line?. `For this purpose, heating or cooling means I4 maybe provided in line ',I.

The efficiencyof theoperation carried out in tower I in concentrating fatty acids, and jin achieving the otherresults desiredjin tower I, is due to the intensive refluxing of the `tower which is carried out atone. or more pointsabove the points of introductionof fat into tower I. Such reuxing may beacheved by. maintaining a substantiallyv higherv temperature inthe top ofthe tower than at lower points. inthe tower by heating the contents of the top` of thetoWer. The temperature range in whichthe tower is operated, extending from afew -degrees, above the critical temperature vof the propane. ltoa .temperature 100 F. below thatv critical temperature, is one in which themiscibility of thefat with propane decreases with` rising temperature.. Con-- sequently, the propanephase, wlfiicl-r,v has become saturated withfat inthe lower part 'of the tower at the temperaturefprevailinggthere, heated in the top of the towertmatemperature.atwhich it is unable to, retain all-the'fatzdissolved'therein. As a result, the heating of the tower contentsv results in the precipitation of -aipartoffthe fatv previously dissolved in the propane-phase. Theprecipitatedl fat forms'- a separate,` relatively lheavy,

` the tower.

' by the heating coils -Such precipitate .iiowing lower phase. The recticatin of,

assises liquid phase containing a small amount of propane in a ratio of propane to' fat much lower than the corresponding ratio in the propane phase. This precipitated lower phase resembles physically the lower phase previously described as resulting from the insolubility of a part of the iat charged to the tower in the lower part of The propane phase may be heated from the lowest temperature in the tower to the highest temperature at any one of the points occupied 6, whereby all the lower phase with which it is desired to reflux tower I is precipitated at one of these points. However, in order to avoid ilooding tower I Vby release of a large quantity of preciptate at a single point, and in order to intensify the rectification of the propane phase, it is desirable to heat the propane phase to successively higher temperatures as it passes upwardly in contact with the series of heating coils (.Y n this manner precipitation is induced along the length of the zone occupied by coils '5 in a substantially uniform manner and the application of the heat necessary to raise the temperature of the propane phase to the maximum temperature i simplied. In the drawing the vheating in the tower generally above the various points at which fat is to be charged to the tower for treatment. The operation is not necessarily limited to this arrangement, however, as heating elements may be provided below the iat charging point and, in fact, may be provided along the entire length. of tower I.

Tower I may be considered as divided into two zones. The upper zone, lying above the 'fat charging point, is the rectification Zone, in which the operation of the tower is directed substantially entirely to achieving the desired degree of separation of the constituents of the fat charge. The lower zone, lying 'below the fat charging point, is primarily a stripping zone in which the portion of the fat which does not go into solution, but remains in the lower phase, and lower phase material precipitated in the rectification zone, are subjected to the stripping action of the upflowing stream of the propane phase to dissolve in the propane phase all constituents or" the iat which it is desired to exclude from the bottom product.

Rectification also occurs in the stripping zone as an inherent part of the countercurrent stripping treatment and as a result or" the passage into the stripping zone of the relatively more soluble lower phase material precipitated in the rectification zone. That portion of the lower phase material precipitated in the rectification zone which is not redissolved in its passage downwardly through the rectiiication zone combines with the portion of the fat charge which remains undissolved in the propane phase at'the fat charge point to form a combined lower phase which flows downwardly through the stripping Zone. As the propane introduced at the bottom oi tower l in line 'I passes upwardly in the tower it absorbs more and more fat from'the downflowing lower phase andY reaches a concentration of fat which represents saturation of the propane phase at the existing temperature and pressure. Consequently, any additional quantities of fat dissolved by the propane in the stripping zone are balanced by corresponding precipitation of less soluble portions of the fat from the propane phase. passes into the downwardly the Propane phase 11.1 the elements 6 are indicated as located stripping zone is intensified if a temperature gradient is maintained in that zone. Whether or not the temperature gradient in' tower I is maintained throughout the'length of the tower depends somewhat on the extent of stripping which is made possible by the facilities provided. If a principal function of tower I is the recovery of the desired ingredients from the bottom phase,V

In the rectification zone the propane phase is subjected to treatment which continuously re-.

duces the solventpower of the propane phase for the less soluble constituents of the fat during the passage of the propane phase upwardly through the rectification zone. rThis results in the precipitation of a lower phase which is heavier than the remaining propane phase and flows downwardly through the rectification zone as a separate lower phase. Thelinear velocity of the propane phase through the rectification zoneis maintained sufficiently low to permit the downward flow of the lower phase. AS each part of the lower phase flows downwardly in the rectication Zone from the point at which it was precipitated, it comes into contact with a part of the stream oi propane phase which is at a lower temperature, Furthermore, that part of the propane phase contains fat dissolved therein in excess of the equilibrium amount at that temperature and also contains an excessive quantity of the less soluble constituentsjof the fat in view of the composition of the lower phase with which it has come into contact. As a result cf all these effects there is precipitation of iat from the propane phaseat that point, and absorption of a part of the lower phase which has come down the tower to that point. Consequently, as the lower phase flows downwardly in the rectification zone it is subjected constantly tothe stripping action of the propane phase, whereby the more soluble portions of the iat are re-dissolved. This is balanced, however, by constant accretions to the lower phase in the form of additional precipitate. This effect continues throughout the length of the rectiiication zone, whereby the fat in that part of the tower is subjected to continuous precipitation, resolution and reprecipitation. The nal lower phase produced in therrectiiication zone flows out of thatV Zone at the Vfat charging point and merges with the fat charge and forms a part of the lower phase iiowng downwardly through the stripping zone. The stripping zone is so designated for the reason that the lower phase flowing therethrough contains the least soluble constituents of the fat. pointed out above, rectification of the propane phase may occur also in the stripping zone.

Instead of, or in addition to, indirect heating of the tower contents, as by heating coils e, other means may be provided to regulate the temperature of the propane phase. For example, a portion of the propane may be diverted from line 1, heated to a temperature above the bottom temperature, and introduced at an elevated point in the tower. The fat charged to the tower also may be preheated to assist in heating the pro- However, Vas has been.

pane phase.. Furthermore, a portion of the propane may be premixed with. thel fat charge before admission of the latter to tower f. This is particularly desirable if the fat is a solid or a highly viscous liquid.

InA addition to the maintenance of4 a temperature gradient in the rectification zone to decrease the solvent power of the propane phase for the less soluble constituents of the f'at in that zone, this. effect can be achieved by changing the pres- Sure or by preferentially dissolving in the propane phase portions of the fat which are' more soluble therein than some ofthe fat previously dissolved in the propane phase. The methods involving controly of the temperature and pressure may oe employed. independently, but each also invoives the preferential resolution in the propane phase of portions of the fat which are more soluble therein-than some of the fat previously dissolved when the lower phase formed' by precipitation is Iiowed through the rectification zon'e in' countercurrent contact with the" propane phase. How'- ever.. the establishment of a lower phase and rectification oi the propane phase in the rectification zone can be effected without varying the temperature or pressure. y

Rectication of tower' I by varying the pressure is a less desirable method; as it requires dividing the rectiiication zone of tower I into a' series of separate compartments. The propane phase would be passed through such separate compartments at progressively lower pressure to effect precipitation in each compartment. The

precipitate in each compartment would be pumped into the next lower compartment' and into Contact with the propane phase therein'.

This method of operation is less desirable, as it' requires more elaborate equipment and i's-les's' eiiicient. Y

Alternative to the maintenance' of a tempera--l tu-re gradient, or in combination with'that meth` od, the solvent power' of the propane phase for the less soluble constituents olf the fat can be* decreased by preferentially dissolving" thepropane phase in the rectication Zone portions of.' the fat which are more solublethan some of the ents of the fat charge.

fatty constituents which are already dissolved Vin the propane phase.y This is accomplished conveniently' by recovering the fatty component of" the propane.y phase withdrawn throughv line i2 and returning part of it to: the topfof tower I. This operation is designated as external reiiux-j ing to distinguish; it fror'ni the. internal refluxing of' the rectification zo'n'e producedhy the tem?- perature gradient. In accordance withi lthis method oil operation the propane.' phase passes' through line I2 to an overhead receiver I5. Thepressure is reduced by the valve at I6 to permit all, or substantially' all, of theV propane to evap--fY v crate andy thus separate from thefatty compo-2 nent. This. operation may be assisted by lieatinig'v ,."51" I2 ".".rec'eiver Iii..- means not Shown m me and m miscibility of the fat with the propane 1n the Alternatively, receiver l5 may be maiI-itai-ned` at the tower pressure while evaporati'r'igtlepropane solely by the application of heats Inl either operation it is not essential to evaporate the profA fatty constituents inthe insure returning the reiiux liquid at the desired.

temperature.

The reilux liquid which is returned to tower I through line I8. isV substantially more concentrated in. fats than is the propane phase at the point of introduction of. the reiiux. liquid. Since the propane phase at that point is substantially saturated. withffatsthe introduction of the reflux liquid causes a redistribution of the fat at that point. The most soluble portions of the reiixed fat are dissolved in. the propane phase andV there is a corresponding precipitation of the less soluble fatty constituents from the propane phase. The

precipitated fat and the undissolved' portion of the refluxed: fat forma second liquid phase which then flows down the tower in- `countercuir'ent contactI with the upwardly flowing propane phase. As the lower phase flows downwardly in the" rectication zone there is a continuous redistribution o-f fat between the propane phase and the lower phase. At each point in the rectification Azone the most soluble fatty constituents of the lower phase are dissolved in the propane phase, with a corresponding precipitation of less soluble rfatty constituents in the propane phase. As the lower phase passes down the rectication zone it becomes more concentrated in the less soluble fportions of the fat charge, and as the propane phase passes upwardly through the rectification zone the fatty portion thereof becomes increasingly concentrated in the most soluble constitu- At the fat charging point the lower phase iiows downwardly from the rectin'cation zone into the stripping zone and is merged with the undissolved iat charge.

The operating temperature limits described abovefin connection with the use of a temperature gradient for reluxing tower i generally are applicable to the method of operation involving external refluxing. When using external refluxving, however, it will be found that a somewhat lower top temperature is required in order to carry overhead in the propane phase the somewhat larger quantity of fat which is required to provide for reux and an overhead product.

pane entirely and itisfordinarily-moreconvenient to effect only a partiail evaporation of. the propane whereby some propane is left in' thexliquidiy phase' l in. receiver l5. In the specific modiiicat'ion shown, all of the propane phase from tower I is shown as passing through line I2 to receiver I5. It is evident, however, that for purposes of refluxi`ng it is essential' only to passito receiver I5 an amount of the rropenephascwhichf contains x When operating the tower with external refluxing the temperature in tower I may be uniform from ytop to bottom. It may be that the temperature vwhich is arri-ved at under equilibrium conditions i of operation is one which would cause excessive ratio in which these are charged to the tower. However, the tower is brought to equilibrium conditions by returning all the overhead product through line I8 until the quality of that product meets the requirement for the overhead product to be withdrawn. During that time the accumulation of reuxed fat in the propane phase in the tower lowers the solvent power of thepropane phase for the fat charge to the point at which the propane phase has the desired selectivity as In of the aliove methods operation. the

71 to separate propane'and 11 ratio of propane to fatcharged to tower i should be relatively high. A ratio of at least 10:1 is generally found necessary, and ratios as high as 109:1, or even higher, may be employed.

While the temperature gradient and external;-

refluxing may be employed alternatively to accomplish rectification of the propane phase in tower l, these methods desirably are combined in a single operation. Thus, a temperature gradient is maintained by heating coils 6 and at the' Vthe treatment of a fatty acid-glyceride mixture which was substantially black in color and contained 41.2% free fatty acids (as oleic). This material also contained 1.46 unsaponiables, had n i a saponication number of 196, an iodine number (Wijs) of 61, a specic gravity (60/60) of 0.912, and a titer of 38.9 C.

In this operation the final propane phase was 12 y portion of the liquid phase in the receiver was returned as reux to the fractionation zone at a point sufficiently spaced from the top of that zone to permit complete separation of the lower phase from the outgoing propane phase. A substantial temperature gradientV was maintained between the fat charging point and the top of the fractionation zone. rectification zone was considered to lie between the fat charging point and the reluxing point. A lesser temperature gradient was maintained in the stripping zone, i. e., between the iat charging point and the propane' charging point. The fractionating zone was packed to eiect intimate l5 contact of the counter-flowing phases and was "'20 employed. ratio was substantially increased, while in theVV maintained under pressure eiective to maintain liquid phase conditions. Three'distinct operating conditions were employed. In the rst operation a temperature gradient and refluxing were In the second operation the reux third operation the increased reux ratio was maintained the propane-fat ratio was increased, and the length of the rectication zone was V25 slightlyrdecreased in favor of a. longer stripping zone. The operating conditions and results obtained under these three sets of operating conditions are set forth in the'following table:

A B C Operating Conditions:

' Temperature, F.-

Y 210 209 212 Fat Char 194 194 196 Bottom 189 189 192 Gradient. F.[Ft.

Rectification Zone 0. 80 0.75 0.94 Stripping Zone... 0 42 0.42 0 27 Throughput, Lbs.lHr./Sq. Ft.- Fat 172 170 175 Propane 2, 860 2, 860 4, 760 Propane Velocity, FtJHr.. 91 91 152 Y PropaneResidence Time. M 23 23 14 Propane: Fat Ratio (by VOL-60 30 0 30.4 49 3 f Reflux Ratio (Fat Redux: Fat

Charge) 1 47 2. 68 2 80 Rectification Zone, 20 20 17 Stripping Zone. Ft.. 12 l2 15 Pressure, Lbs/Sq. In. (Gauge)- Tower 680 680 685 Receiver 460 460 470 Yields and Balances: Y

Wt. Percent Fat-Basis of Input (Output) Y Y l .Recovered i n Overhead Product. 40.3 (41.0) 41. 2 (40. 9) 39. 5 (39.5) Recovered 1n Bottoms Product. Y 58.2 (59.0) 59.6 (59.1) 60.6 (60.5) Wt. Percent Fatty Acid-Basis oi' Input (Output) Recovered in Overhead Product. 96.2 (96.1) 97.7 (95.6) 94.7 (97.0) Y Recovered in Bottoms Product. 3.9 (3.9) 4.5 (4.4) 2.79 (3.0)

Wt. Percent Unsapomables-Basis f o Input (Output)- Y Recovered in OverheadProduct. ,62.9 (56.6) 64.6 (55.1) 56 3 (53.1) Recovered in Bottoms Pr0duct 48.2 43.4) 52.7 (44.9) 49 8 (46.9) Quality of Products:

Overhead- Golor-Lovibond:

Red 1. 5 1. 5 1. 5 Yellow 15 V15 Y 15 K Titer, O j 38.8 38.8 `39.0 Vlree Fatty Acids, Percent Oleic) 98.4 97.7 98.8 Unsaponiiiables Wt Pereen 2.28 2.29 V2.08 Glycerides 0 0 0 Iodine No. (Wij 64 64 65 Specdc Gravity, 0.889 0.889 O 88 Sapomcation No 198 ..196 19 Bottoms- Y Y Free Fatty Acids, Percent (As Olei o 2.74 3.08 1.96 Unsaponiiiables, Wt. Percent-.- 1. 21 1. 29 1. 20 SappncationNo '191 192 191 Iodine No. (Wijs) 61 59 Specific Gravity, 60/60 0 919 0.922 0.921

withdrawn from the top of *theY fractionation zone and passed to a receiver, Vunder reduced pressure. provide reflux liquid. A

Under condition A the fractionation zone was operated at a substantial temperature gradient,VV

However, in this operationV theY 'externalrefluxing in the manner described above.

The extentv of external reuxing isy definedin the foregoing table as the weightv ratio of the quantity of fat returned' as refiux to the fractionation zone to the quantity of fat chargedto thel fractionation zone. In condition B1 the oper# ation was maintained substantially the sam'e as incondition" A, except that the refluxratio'was substantially increased; In condition C conditions were maintained generally the same asin condition B' except that the propane-fat' ratio was substantially increased?. This*retpiiredu raising the tower tempera-tureslightly, to offset the increased solvent power ofthe propane phase for fat. Conditions in all three periods were selected to produce a fat overhead productrepresenting an approximate volumetric equivalent of the fatty acid content ofthe fat charge.

The results obtained in allV three' periodswere substantially the same inthat theoverheadprod- 'uct'V contained approximately 98% free fattyacids and about 2% un'saponiable fats'. The increase inl reuX ratio from condition A to condition B resulted? in' a slight decrease in the recovery of free fatty acids in the overhead, as shown by a slight increas'ein the concentration ofthe free fatty acids in the bottoms. However, this effect was more than offset in condition Cby increasing the` propane-fat ratio. In condition C the' concentration of free fatty acids in the overheadw'as the highest obtained, and the concentration of fattyf acids in the bottoms was correspondingly low; The unsaponifiable fats' were slightlycon'- centrated in the overhead to an extent which decreased as the conditions'were changed to increase the degree of concentration and recovery of fattyfacids' in the overhead.v The concentra'- tion of unsaponifables in the overhead' fraction decreasedV asl the conditions were changedfrom A to, B to C.

The recoveryl of fatty acids represented bythe overhead product was in all cases 95%, or more, of theV total fatty acids chargedtothefractionation zone.v It will be noted that theY content of fatty acids in the overhead in each operation was approximately 100%Y vof the' total" saponiablecontent of that product; Thus'asa product of'I al fat splitting operation of the character described above, the'r product obtained in each' of conditions A, B and' Ci would represent a; 100% split.l When this' fact is consideredin connectionwith the unusually'light color exhibited' by the overhead product inall three operations, it willA be-v apparent that the product inl eachA case was of superior quality and represented a high recovery of the available fatty acids.

Referring' again tothe operation of; towerl I the propane separated in receiver I5 passesv overhead through line 28, which connects with propane storage'vessel 2L Cooling means areprovidedfat V22v to effect condensation of thepropane introduced into vessel 2|-, Line 1 connects vessel. 2| with the bottom of tower l for return of liquid propane for reuse, a pump 23:A being provided in line 1' for the purpose.` v

Inv accordance with a preferred modification. of the improved process, the fat-charged toithe operation is introduced through line 24 by means of pumpf25.V Line 24 connects directly with an` autoclave 26= which. is provided; for carrying` outhydrolysis of the-glyceridecontent of thevfat charge introduced through line 24.`

Itv will be understood that thehydrolysis step inthe improved processl maybev carriedout in accordance with any of the well known methods cess of 390 F. ordinarily are employed.'

of hydrolysis; orffin. accordncefwitlr: any; other n-iethods.- method? involving:v countercurrent contactf of f' counterowingstreamsioffat'fand wa;- terap'p'earsltofbetheLmosttefficient method, and is chosen? fori illustration in; the drawing of a fati splitting operation: It` will be-understood, however; that thel invention` is noti limited tovthe particularv methodV of hydrolysis illustrated in the drawing.' butv mayffinclude: a l'iydrolysis,` step involving' continuous; contactl of concurrent streams of fatfandwater; .orfcontactingfat and WaterI in-batehl operationswhichmayinvolvee several stages-throughiwhionfthe :fat'andL Water'pass con'currentl,1,l or 'countercurrently Furthermore, ther rate ofhydrolysis ymay-be :accelerated by the en'rpl'oymeniV of' theivariousf catalysts, and( bythe employmentoffth'e@ 'I'.witchell.l reagent.y It is` a specialy advantage of f the; improved'. process'v that the selection of'the.l particularv method of hy# drolysis employed maybe vmadev on, the basis of eni'ciencyan'd economy; rather than withrespeot to themaximum` degreei of hydrolysis: which is attainable.' 'Ifheparticularfmethod' of hydrolysis illustrated permits achieving; ai. higher degree Yof hydrolysis than other:available-methods. It will be un'derstood;. however,v that; they usev of this method'in the present invention doesnot require conditions of -hydrolysisi whichl rachieve thermaximum possiblel conversionfofr glycerides to fatty acids;` The conditions:- of operations` preferably 'are' selected? entirely 'with referencei to eicien'cy andeconomy, and.V thelzproduction'` vofV a: fattyacid product ofy the desired concentration of: fatty acidsV is left -to the propane'. fractionation.. step. This permitsY carrying out the hydrolyssstep under conditionswhich'areless drastic;` as. to temperaturel and pressure, residence time, and the requirement for catalysis.`

Autoclave 2.6"A preferably is V1an elongated, vertically arrangeditower,- constructed to withstand the relatively high-A pressurenecessaryl tov carry 'outfthehydrolysis treatment. at a highrate of reaction;4 If desired; suitableftrays or.Y otherv contact means may be provided to assist in promotingf intimate contactl of the counter-flowing phases. In autoclave 26; the fat passes upwardly as aV stream` in countercurrentJ contact with a 'downwardly flowing'stre'anr. of. water;l The water is introduced at ai point near theA top of autoclave 2t"` through 1ine-21f`bymea-ns of pump 28. Heatingmeans 29 andi'are. provided in'lines 24 and' 21 respectively, to permit preheating the water and fatV to` the'nec'essary degree. Thesercomp'onentsl can be preheated to.:` the maximum temfperaturell desired in the autoclave, orthey may be' introduced ati-a lower, temperature andt permitted toi reach:- the maximuml temperature throughfftheir contact' with the'oppositely'flowing Vphase'. A'utoclave 26S maybe provided with internalor externali meansv forA heating the` contentsg-eithercontinuously during the treatment orv in a' preliminary' way, Ato heatA the contents of the autoclave` initially to the desired.' reaction temperature; The heat of hydrolysis may befsufi- `iicient to provide all the heat necessary to preheat thewater4 and fatto themaximum reaction temp'erature.y

If' no catalysts or other reagentsl are employed to accelerate the' reaction, temperatures in ex- To achieve a high. degree oi" conversion of the glycerides. to fatty acids, temperatures. vwithin'the range of 365 to 600' F. ordinarily are employed, An upper limit on the permissible temperature is imposed by the tendency of' the' fat-and" Water vnarily, pressures as high as l ment involves yess it may be desirable Y 1 ratiorbelowthat normally consic'lered desirable f for maximum conversion of art.

'33.V VPres'sureis reduced, byV means. f to permit evaporation of :waterfdissolved in the e of'drum 33 andis withdrawn Y'line IS. If necessary,

IS may be subjected to VVVreduction in pressure.V

` passeddirectly throughline I0' to fractionation there in Y is provided in line I Vprovided to bring must be sufficiently high to'ima'intain liquid phase conditions and should be maintained substantially higher than the vapor pressure of water at Ythe operating temperature in order to dissolve a sufficient quantity' of the water in the fat. Ap-

- parently the'hydrolysis reaction proceeds by reaction of fat with water dissolved therein. Ordi- 250 pounds per square mixtures at tempera-V inch above the vapor pressure of water at the operating temperature maybe employed.

The amount of water employed in relation to the fat must be such asY consumed Vin the hydrolysis reaction,an excess over thatvamount necessary by the concentration of tion in` contact with"thevfat. Ordinarily, the

,operation of a countercurrent hydrolysis treatthe selection of a water-fat ratio i which facilitates thedesired Yrateof reaction to vprovide Vthe waterV ,to promote the re- Y action, anda still'V further excess necessary to Vbythe hydrolysisreaction. The extent of conversion of the glycerdes is governed somewhat the glycerin-water soluwhile permitting the formation of a iinal glyc- Y.

erin-water solution Yof Vrelatively high concen-` tration. In accordance Vwiththe improvedrproc- Yto reduce the water-fat gly-cerides, in order to produce a glycerin-water vsolution of still greater concentration.V

The glycerin-water ,solution collectsV in theV bottom of autoclave ZEand Vis withdrawnithere- The hydrolyzed fatV collects in the top of autoclave 25 Yandis withdrawn therefrom through line 32, which connects with anexpansion drum of valve 34,

fat at the higher pressure. f The'steam'and other gases are withdrawnfromdrum 33 through line 35. The hydrolyzedffat collects in the bottom the hydrolyzed fat in line further treatment to remove `any-water which Ordinarily, however, this is not Ynecessary and the hydrolyzed fatV maybe an Vinterme-l diate point oftower I for the manner described.V "If necessary, apurnp 3B il `and cooling means 3l are the hydrolyzed fat to the temperature at which it fis togbe introducedrinto Y vtowerl. e, .e K l Y j The residence time'which is permitted the fat is not'evaporated by the therefrom through in autoclave 25 is governed'somewhat by the exe- Vtent of hydrolysis, orrdegree of split, desired in the hydrolyzed fat., In order to obtain substan- Y' tially complete conversion of theV glycerides to fatty acids, whereby Vnot moreY than a few iper- Y A.

cent of' the glycerides remain unreactedyitis necessary toprovide an]` autoclave. of sufficient volume to retain the fat for a residence time as longasseveralA hours. has beenV pointed out,

have been considered unacceptable. A degree of split which is acceptable in the improved process may be achieved, under favorable conditions, in a small fraction of the time necessary for .substantially complete conversion Yof the glycerides. In accordance with the improved process the Ahydrolysis treatment is regulated, principal'ly as to residence time, to restrict the split to less 9() percent, lcontains not less than Vl0 percent kof glycerides. Preferably, the conditions lare regulated, as by the reduction of both residence time and temperature, to restrict conversion of glycerides to less than 75 percent, whereby the hydrolyzed fat contains at least 25 percentof glycerides. `The improved process includes within its scope, operations in which the hydrolysis treatment is controlled to produce a split `01?'50 percent or less, whereby the temperature, pressure and residence time can be reduced well below the figures previously considered necessary for this operation. Operation of the'autoclave'to produce these rel- Vatively low splits of the fat is particularly advantag'eous in the treatment of fats which, at relatively high temperatures and pressures, produce fatty acid products which are not colorstable and tendy to'darken on standing.

As a part of the preferred method of operation Yof the improved process, therhydrolyzed fat is Y fractionated to separate f an overhead product substantially free from glycerides and to pro- I In accordance with'this method of operation the glyceride-fatty acid mixture introduced into tower I through lineV I0, or Vthrough line II, is subjected'tov propane fractionation under reluxing conditions kas described above, to produce .the fatty acid concentrate which is taken overhead and withdrawn from the system through line II. This opera-v tion Aof tower I concentrates in the lower phase; kany color bodies which may have been present j in the original fat charged to theY system, or-

whichY nient.

are formed a during the hydrolysis treat- It is a` desirable feature of the process to eliminate such color bodies from the system by withdrawing from tower I a relatively small 5 bottoms fraction through line I3, which is eliminated from the system.Y At the same time, a

part of the lower phase formed is collected for withdrawal from tower I'at oner or more inter-V mediate points. f Y

The color` bodies are' found tower I. j For that `reason it is desirable, if possible,V to withdraw the intermediate'fraction4 con-VY taining theunsplitglyceridesfrom a point above the fat charging point'. For that purpose, trap-Y out 3 is provided, justrabove the connection of Y lines 8 and Iii with tower 4I. The lower Vphase through line 38 is reduced by means of valve #it sufficiently to permit evaporation, andv separaV` tion, in drum 39, of the propane contained in this lowerphase material. The'propane thus released passes upwardly out of 'drum 39 througl'rflinelII,`

which connects with line 2c, whereby the propane whereby the hydrolyzed fatV principally in the Y lower 'phase' below the fat` chargingA point in eigenares;

is recycled` for vfurther use.. in the manner.' described.

The liquid phase material in drum 39.',` con*- sisting of. a. relatively. clean fatty mixture. Icom.- prising the unsplit glycerides collects in the bottom of 39 and. is withdrawn therefrom. through line 42. by means of pump 43., which connects with line 24, whereby the fatty. mixture with-- drawn from tower I through line38.. is passed through line 24. to autoclavezz, either aloneor in combination with. other fat` owing. through linev 24. It may be desirable. tosubjecttthe Aliquid phase material. collected in. drum 3a. to further.- treatment, such as. vacuum. treatment .and .steam distillation, to remove residual quantitiesofr pro.- pane which. are retained therein at'. thepressure on drum 39. However, for simplicityof presentation, the.. means. for such additional. treatment. are omitted from Ythe drawing,

If the concentrationof glyc'eridesin the lower phase material on trap-out 3. is not ,ashigh as desiredfor chargingto autoclave.2.6, it-may belde:- sirable to go further'down the tower for. theintermediate fraction to. be. withdrawn.. For that purpose trap-out 4 is provided. somer distanceybelow lines 8 and l0. Material collectedon. trapout14 is .Withdrawnthrough line 44. Line 44:00:1- nects with line. 38 whereby. the lower phasesmaterial from trap-outV 4. is passedA to drum: 39. for. treatment in themanner. described above.

The intermediate fraction collected on trapout. 4 contains more of; the color bodies than does the material on trap-out 3 butwill be'somewhat' lighter `than the bottom fractionwithdrawn through line I3.

According to an alternative. method, a portion of the upper'phase. may be withdrawn; from tower I, treated to separate fatzcontained therein, and then, if desired, returnedA to the tower.

For this purpose trap-outy maybe providedfto l collect upper phase material free: from lower phase material; The propane phase thus co1- lected is withdrawn from towerl I` through line 45, which connects with a separate precipitating drum 46. Drum 4B advantageously is main'- tained at a higher pressure than tower I and for this purpose a pump 41 is provided in linef45.- In drum 4B the propane phaseis heated to a relatively high temperature to effect precipitation of. a lower phase containing afatty component relatively concentrated inglycerides. For this purpose heating elements 48 `may be provided in vessel 46 and, if desired, additional heating means 49 may be provided in linev 45. The temperature in vessel 46 may be carried sufficiently highto precipitate substantially allthe fat in thelower phase. However, partial precipitation is:v suincient to provide reux. In order' to accomplish some rectiiication of the phasesin vessel 46, the latter advantageously islelongated` and vertically arranged, with heating elements 48fspace'd. along its length. In this manner a temperature gradient is imposed on. the propane phase owingzupwardlythrough vessel 43 to. eiect. greater con.- centration of the glycerides in the lower phase. The lower phase material collects in the bottom of vessel 46 and is withdrawn therefrom through line Sil, which is provided with a pressure release valve 5I. Line 5U connects with line 38 whereby the lower phase material from vessel 46 passes to expansion drum 39 for further treatment in the manner described above.

The propane phase remaining'in vessel 45 passes out of the top of' thatv vessel through line 52; which connects' preferably with tower I at a pointi just aboveithe point. of withdrawalthrough line 45.2. Cooling means-y 53imaybe provided. in line 5-2.. to precool the propane phase tothe desired. temperature; Iti. may. be.. desired. toV introf duce all,.or partgpf this propane phaseatan elevated` point tower I,.and..` for.y that. purpose liney 54 is .provided toconnect. line. 52'. tower' I. at an. elevated point, .as shown.

Alternativelyxthe glyceride concentrate. for recycling toautoclave, 2G may be. obtained as` bottoms..product.inz.tower I., For this purpose line. 55. is providedto. connect line I 3 withline 33V whereby. the lower.v phaser material collected in the-.bottom oi tower I maybe transferredto. vessel 39.. for. further handling. inthe manner described above. If. the lower phase material in thebottom. of tower I contains. alarge amount of; colorfbodiesit. may be. desirable to withdraw asinall.v proportion of lower phasematerial from the system through line I3, while. recycling the greater. proportion into line. 55; The Withdrawal ofY suchfsmallamount ofv the lower phase materialmay bedesirable in any caseto prevent the. accumulation` of pitch-likevmaterials formed during the hydrolysis treatment.

The operationoftower Lhas been describedin detail. in. connection with. the use of the tower in the concentration of a.fatty acidproductfrom autoclave 26.. It will.v be. understood, however, that tower. I. also may be. employed for: the preliminary. treatment, oil'. a fat. to.v separate there.- from .a. suitableA chargingzstock. for autoclave 26.` Such preliminary treatment. is. especially desirable whenthe fat `charge introduced; through line 24. already contains asubstantialA proportion of fattyY acidor. when: such fat chargecontains a. large proportion of' color bodies or other compounds whichit is' desiredto exclude from autoclave 26.

Conveniently tower I may be employed both for. the preliminary treatment of thefat charge and the concentrationof the product, from autoclave; 2S. In, accordance with this method of operation the fat.` charge passing through line Z4 is diverted therefrom, whollyor in part, through line 8 for introductiondirectly into tower. I. The charge for autoclavefzf isv withdrawn from tower I: through linefta or line. 44. or line or line 55. This material. isl separated from accompanying propane atliinthe manner described andthen passed. to autoclave 2,6. through lines 42` and 24, along with any remainder of the fat charge introduced through line 24 and not. diverted-therefrom throughV line 8. In this. method of operation.` tower I. is operatedunder conditions effective; to sepa-rate overhead a fatty acid. concentrate substantially.r free fromA glycerides.r The glyceride concentrate. for charging to autoclave 26 may be recovered from the. lower phase-material-in the bottom of tower l. It isdesirable, however, to withdraw only avsmall bottoms product through line: I3. to eliminate color bodies and pitch-like material, while recovering` the charging stock for autoclavei as a side stream at 3, 4er E.

While the fat charge and the hydrolysis productmay beintroduced. into tower I at`the same level through linesv 8. and: Illit may. be desirable to introduce these materials into. tower.` I: atv Ydifferent levels. Forfexamplaif the. fat charge in line 3 contains .ahigh proportion of: color bodies it may be desirable to introduce thismaterialat a relatively low point in tower I, as by diverting it from line' 8 throughl line 9`.- Also, if4 the hydrolysis product `is substantially1 more conorolyss product into tower i as oy diverting it from the hydrolysis product in tower sir-ableV to provide Y with tower I.

Vsufficient ordinarily tower 56 through line 69.

' tensive rectification,` by

centrated in fatty acids than the fat charge in linee it may be desirable to introduce such hy- I at an elevated point, line It through line I I.

both the fat charge and I it may be dea second iractionating tower. Thus tower 5%, generally similar in construction Instead of treating and. operation to tower I, maybe provided.

Tower 56 if provided with suitable contact means, indicateddiagrammatically at iii, and with heating :coils 58 for imposing a temperature gradient on the tower.

The propane stream ior tower El' is introduced from line t9, which connects with line and is provided with a heating Yelement Sai. The iinal propane phase passes overhead from tower s-5 'through line 6I which connects with an overhead receiver 62. By means or a valve te in line Si the pressure on the propane phase is re- I duced suiiiciently to separateall, or most, oi the propane by evaporation; The vaporized propane the remaining liquidlphase in redescribed in connection separates from ceiver E32 in the manner with the operation of receiver I5. The vaporiaed propane passes overhead from receiver 62 through line tfi which connects with line 4I,

. whereby the propane is'returned to propane storliquid phase which product or' tower propane is withage at 2i. The remaining contains the overhead fatty t6V and also may contain some drawn from receiver v52 through line Ei by means of 'pump' t6. A portion of the liquid phase materialv passing through line 65 may be diverted therefrom through line 6l which the upper part oi' tower 56 whereby a part ofV the liquid phase material separated in receiver 62 may VbeY returned as reiiux liquid to tower 56. rThe reflux liquid thus returned to tower 56 functions in exactly the mannerY described in connection with one Vmethod of operation VIn accordance towerV I and tower 5c the iat employing both 'connects with v sidual quantities of propane which are retained therein at the pressure on receiver S2. However, for simplicity or' presentation, the means for such Y additional treatment are omitted from the drawcharge to the system is passed directly to tower 58. For this purpose a valve 68 is provided in line 2li and, line G9 is provided to connect line 2li with anV intermediate point in tower 5. iunctionroi tower Eoin this combination ordinarily is the eliminationy from the system of a smalllower phase fraction containing the color For this purpose it is Y bodies ofthe fat charge.

to withdraw from the bottom of towerr 56 through line a Yquantity Vof the lower phase material containingfrnot more than l The 5 to 10 percent of the fat charge introduced into Y To achieve this purpose, relatively low tower temperaturesrare employed and the propane phase is subjected to ex,-

ing throughr line El and the maintenance'oi a substantial temperaturegradient, in order to eliminate color bodies` from the final propane phase. i

Y The overhead producty of` this operationk ofV Ytower 55 i's'withdrawn from Y Line II connects with line 2t ata point line 65 by means of liney 'I I. Y v on the other side of valve 63 from line 69, whereby Vthe liquid phase material from receiver 62 passes into therbottombof autoclave Z6 for hydrolysis treatment therein in the manner described. This Aliquid phase material will consist primarily oi glycerides andwill include any fatty acidscontreatment and steam distillation, toremove remeans o external reiiux- Y Vl2 all, ora portion of,

Vdescribed requiresupplying I i Y Since the use oi two towers in that f ing.

The overhead fatty product from tower t is subjected to hydrolysis treatment in autoclave 23,

in the manner described above, to eiect conversion of glycerides contained therein to fatty acids. The glyceride in the fatty acid overhead product of this treatment is passed through line lo to tower VI for concentration of thefatty acids in the manner previously described 1in connection with this tower. The lower *phase fraction obtained in tower I under these conditions will be relatively clean and may be recycled directly to autoclave 26 for further treatment, as through line E5. It may be desirable, however, towithdraw a small portion oi the lower phase intower I through line I3 to eliminate pitch-like products formed during hydrolysis. These by-products oi hydrlysis may include compounds" valuabiei in themselves them in a highly concentrated Vform. Conse- 1 quently, it may be desirable to withdraw from the bottom of tower I through line I3 only a small bottom fraction while recovering the glyceride concentrate as a side stream at 33, tid or Alternatively, all, lor a portion of, the lower phase material formed in tower i in this operation may be Ypassed to tower 56 Vin order to furtherV purify this 'material prior to lrecycling it to autoclave 28. For this purpose line 'i2 is provided to connect line I3 with line t9. By means of pump 'in line the lower `phasematerial from tower I is thus passed to tower 55 along with the fat charge to the system.V By this means the pitch-like materials contained in the lower phase material in line tem through line 'lllV of the fat charge.V Y

In accordance with an Valternative method oi operating with both tower I and tower 5t the fat chargemay be passed directly through line 25 `to the bottom of autoclave 26. The hydrolysis prod-V uct is then Vconcentrated in tower I and the lowerY phase material in tower l is passed through linesY 'I2 and 69 to tower 56 and the preparation of a suitable stock for recycling to autoclave 2G.

The methods of operation involving the simultaneoususe of both'tower I and tower :i6 so far two separate streams along with the color bodies of propane. manner increasesy substantially the volume of propanerequired for the process it may be desir` Y able to employ a modiiied operation in which one propane stream is made to serve both tower I and tower Vt. This ,modiiiedf method oi operation Y will Vbe described particularly in connection with -the' use oiV towerv 5BV for the preliminary treatment of the fat charge', while tower! Vis employed to concentrate'the 'i a glyceride concentrate for'recycling; ln'this It maybe Y Vto .tower 55 .through method of operation lines 2t and'ii. ITower A5t is operated under conditions eiiective to separate a small bottoms fraction Y containing fthe color bodies which 'is withdrawn from the system through line l0. The overhead'phase is withdrawn from tower 56 through lineV 6 I 'Line 6i is connectedto the lower part of precipitating vessel 46 by meansoi line l.. All, or a substantial part, of the overhead phase withdrawn from tower 5o through line' 6I is passed through line :lo to precipitatingvessel'rd. ,InV vessel illithi's overhead andV it may be advantageous to recover I2 are eliminated from the sys-v tty acid product andprepare the fatcharge passes first `#stream passes from storage 'at '21 phase is heated to a higher temperature, inthe manner previously described `in connection `with vessel 46. Vessel 46 'advantageously is maintained at a higher pressure tha-n tower "56 and for this purpose a pump l5 is Vprovided in line A`'M to assist in heating the overhead phase to a higher temperature. Additional heatingmeans, 16,-may be provided-in line 14.

In vesselte the overhead phase passing therethrough is heated to a temperature -sufciently high to precipitate all, or most, -o'f the f-at'contained therein, as a separate Vlower phase, which collects in the bottom of vessel 45. This `*material is withdrawn through line 5G Yfortransfer to vessel 35i from vwhich the fat passes -to autoclave `26 in the manner previously'described. 4The-product of the-'autoclave is "transferred to 'tower --I through line It, as described for the -concentration'ioffthe fatty acid product in the upper phase withdrawn through line vI2 from tower --'l. For the treatment of `the hydrolysis product the ypropane --stream emerging from lthe top of 'vessel 46 through line 52 is Apassedto the bottom of 'tower -I. For *this purpose line 'H is provided-to conduct the propane phase passing through `line r452 tothe bottom of tower I. This propane kstream Vis cooled to 'a suitable temperature at 53 and'thus provides the fractionating'medium 4for the operation of'tower I. If necessary, thisstream maybesupplem'ented by a small "amount of propane "introduce-'d 'into the bottom of4 tower I through-line 7.

While it may be feasibl'e'to eliminate 'substantially all the fat in the 'propane 'stream introduced into the 4bottom of tower I in"accordance with this method, yby the heating "treatment yin vessel 555, it is ordinarily unnec'essaryan'd impractical to do so. Indeed, if `vthe Tat charge 'to the system already contains anysubstantialamount of fatty acids, it .is desirable not to'precipitate all of the fat in vessel 4t, to tower I the relatively concentratedfatty acid component left inthe propane phase. Evenif the fat charge to the systemcontainsnofatty acid it kmay be desirable, in order to simplify the construction and operation of vessel 4't,`to.pass to the bottom of tower I apropaneiphasepom taining a substantial proportion 'of glycerides This places an extra'burden on tower '-I ,which is relatively slight because of thegreat eiliciency of tower I in separatingbetween glycerides'and fatty acids and because any glyceridesiintroduced into tower I with the propane stream are'intro- .duced at the bottom of the tower near the exit 'for glycerides. It maybe desirable, therefore, .to operate Vessel 4t to leave "in .thepropane `phase as much as 29% of Lthefa't Aintroduced through vessel 45 through line 'M `Assuming.a50`% split in .autoclaveit this wol'dprovide afat charge vto 'tower I containing atleast '40% 'fatty acids. As we have .seen suchV a mixture vcan 'be vconcen- `trated readilyto an overhead freefrom glycerides and `representing "a high recoveryV of fatty acids. In this 'manner 'a single propane stre-am "is made to `serve both tower-'S-andtower I. This 'l and '5g to the bottom of tower 56; Vfrom the top of `tower-"56 throughlines-IBI'andM to vessel 4t. Fre-m vessel t6 -thefstreamf-passes `through to the-.bottomof'tower I. -From the. top Yof tower .I 'the 'propane stream A.passes through lines x2 `and .2t-back -to storage fat 24.

Apart of thelower phaseifcrmediby precipitation in vessel d6 may be. returned fromy line '50ithrough line :18 to the upperfpart tof-.towertiifasireiiux.

1Alternatively apart .of theoverhead :phasefrom inorder to' passv directly `'through-'lines greater "than 450 Yintermediate fractionmore concentrated tower `'56 -may be passed `to vessel S62 to provide reux lin `the manner vdescribed above. The .liqe uid phase separated in `vesselliZ is then returned through line-67 to thetop olf-.tower 56.

4In accordance with an alternative method of operation the `-fat charge Yto the system first may be :treated to separate therefrom a fraction-iconcentrated in the Vunsaponifiable constituents vof the fat charge. vThis preliminary treatment is particularlyapplicable to a fat charge containing little orno fatty acids. The unsaponiiiables ordinarily Yarerelatively more soluble inthe propane than are the glycerides andrthus, may be concentrated in a relatively small overhead `fraction, lIn this 4modin-cation the fat charge tothe process may -be passed directly, through Nlines :2t and B to tower '56. lIn tower '5B the fat charge is subjected to Ifractionation under'refluxing conditions 'and Vwith a relatively high top temperature to separate in the upper phase a relatively small proportion, -e. -g. 10% or less, of the fat charge. This fraction will contain a large proportion of* unsaponiable constituents of thelfat charge. This concentrate of unsaponiiiables is recovered from-the propane phase ais-52 andwithdrawn from the `system `through line t5. The relatively large bottom 'fraction separated 1in tower '5t is'passed through lines lli and 19 to vessel 3S from which the fatty compound is passed to autoclave '25, in the manner described. The 'product of hydrolysis treatment 'from aut0- clave "26 passes through fline It-to tower vI vin which it is treated, in the manner described above'to-separate overhead a fatty acid-concem trate containingsubstantially no glycerides. VVFurthermore, by reason `of the preliminary treatment in tower 5t, this fatty acid concentratewill be substantially free from unsaponiables. The glyceride concentrate for vrecycling to autoclave I-25 may be recovered from tower I in any of the methods previously described and a small bottoms fraction containing-the color bodies may be withdrawn `from the system through line it.

'l' claim:

' -1. A method forproducing a fatty acid-concen-V atewhich comprises subjecting--a'fattyoil conaining glycerides -to Ahydrolysis treatment, "regulating the Aconditions lof hydrolysis to restrict conversion of vglycerides to fatty :acids to --retain in the fatty oil hydrolysis product "not substan- 'tially less than 25 per cent of glycerides, subjectingthe -fatty oil hydrolysis product to coun- 'tercurrent -solvent fractionation `with a solvent having a 4"critical temperature not substantially F. iunder paracritical conditions, regulating the temperature, pressure and vreflux conditions of said'fra-cticnation to fracfionate said'fatty oilhydrolysis product into an extract 'containing fatty Yfree from glycerides and .taining Va Vminor acids and vsubstantially --a ralinate phase-ccnjproportion of said-,fatty oil `hydrolysis Aproduct including -t-he least Ysoluble components thereof, separately withdrawing the extract and railinate- -phases and withdrawing an inglyc- 'arides' thanv said "fatty `cil hydrolysis product.

`2. A method for vproducinga fatty acid concentrate Which :comprises :subjecting .a fatty ,goil :mixture containing glycerides to solvent fractionation with :a Asolvent having a .critical tem.-

perature not substantiallygreater than 450 E.

.under ,paracritical conditions in an elongated `countercurrent .reflux `fractionation acne to .form

-oppositelyiflowing extractand rath-nate phases,

regulating the temperature, pressure- .and trail-ux point substantially nearer ing said hydrolyzed f ide contentthereof Vand by admise 23V conditions in said zone to form a primary extract phase containing a substantial proportion of glycerides and a primary raffinate phase containing a minor proportionof said fatty oil mixture including the least soluble components thereof; separately withdrawing the extract and raffinate phases; refractionating said primary extract phase to separate it into an intermediate lower fraction containing at least a major portion of the oil component thereof and an upper intermediate fraction of increased solvent power containing a major portion of the solventcomponent thereof; subjecting at least a portion of f the oil in said lower intermediate fraction to hydrolysis treatment to effect conversion of a portion ofthe glycerides contained therein to fatty acids; recovering from said hydrolysis treatment a fatty oil mixture comprising glycerides and fatty acids; introducing said last-mentioned fatty oil mixture into a second countercurrent reflux fractionation zone; introducing said intermediate upper fraction into said second zone at a the raffinate discharge of said second acne than tion of said last-mentioned fatty oil mixture and flowing in countercurrent contact therewith;r

regulating the temperature, pressure and reflux conditions of said second zone to form avfinal extract phase containing fatty acids and substantially free from glycerides; separately vwithdrawing'the final extract phase and recovering the fatty acid concentrate therefrom; separately withdrawing Vfrom said second zone a second Y phase containing fatty oilmore concentrated in glycerides than said fatty oil mixture recovered from said hydrolysis treatment; and recycling said glyceridey concentrate to said Vl'lydrolysis treatment. Y Y 3.`Amethod for producing a fatty acid concentrate from a fatty oil by hydrolysis of the 77xglyceride content thereof and by fractionation of said oil underiparacritical conditions with a solvent having a critical temperature not substantially greater than 450 F., which method includes the steps of continuously contacting said oil with said solvent under paracritical conditions in a vertically extendedfractionation'zone torform an extract'pha'se containing a major pore tion of saidoil and a small raiiinate phase containing color bodies and other components of low solubility; and subjecting at least a portion of the oil therethe point of introducwithdrawing said extract phaseV yand sending at least a withdrawing said extract phase and subjecting at least a portion of the oil therein to hydrolysis to convert a portion of the glycerides therein to fatty acids; continuously contacting said hydrolyzed oil mixture With said solvent under paracritical conditions in a second vertically extended Yfractionation Zone to fractionate said hydrolyzed oil into a secondary extract phase containing fatty acids and substantially free of glycerides, and a secondary rainate phase containing glycerides; part of the oil content of said secondary raffinate phase directly to said hydrolysis step. Y

5. A method as described in claim 3 in which said extract phase from said rst fractionation zone is treated to reduce the solvent power of said solvent and precipitate at least a major portion of said extract oil into a lower phase; diverting said lower phase oil to said hydrolysis step and employing the remaining solvent phase as a solvent stream in said second fractionation Zone.

6. Armethod for producing a fatty acid concentrate from a fatty oil by-hydr'olysis of the glyceride content thereof and by fractionation of said oil under paracritical conditions with a solvent having a critical ytemperature not substantially greater than 450 F., which method includes the steps of continuously contacting said oil with a mixture comprised primarily of said solvent kunder paracritical conditions in a vertically extended'fractionation zone to form an extract phase containing fatty acids and 'substantially 4free of glycerides, and a raffinate phase containing substantily all of the'glyce'ride contentof saidY oil;

Y and raffinate phases and introducing saidrainate containing color in to Vhydrolysis to convert a portion ofthe glycerides therein to fatty acids;

oil Vmixture with said solvent Vunder paracritical conditions in a second verticontinuously contactcally Vextended fractionation zone to fractionate i Y said hydrolyzed oil into asecondary extract phase containing fatty acids and substantially freeV ofglycerides; and arsecondary raffinate phase containing glycerides; andrecyclingat least a portion of 'said secondary Vrafnate phase to said firstY fractionation Zone.

` 4. 'A method for producing a fatty acid concen- Y Y trate from a fatty oilby hydrolysis of theV glyceroil under paracritical having aV critical temperature not substantially greater than 450 F., which method includes the .Y steps of: continuously contacting said oil with fractionation of said Y conditionsV with a solvent.

said solvent under paracriticalconditions in a vertically extended fractionation zone to forman containing a major portion of said extract phase phase containing color oil and a small rainate `bodies and other components of lowfsolubility;

the solvent power of ate phase into V.a second vertically extended fractionation zone and contacting said raffinate phase therein with said solvent under paracriti- '7. yA method for producing a fattyv acid concentrate from a fatty oil by hydrolysis of theV glyceride content thereof Vand by fractionation 0f said oil under paracritical VconditionsV with a solvent having a critical temperature not substantially greaterv than 450 F., which method includes the steps of: continuously contacting said oil with saidsolvent under paracritical con- Y 'Vditions in a vertically* extended fractionation zone Y to form an upflovving extract phase and a downflowing raiiinate phase, owing said phases in Y countercurrent'relationship with one another to rprecipitate from` said upowing extract phase substantially all'glycerides; withdrawing an extract phase substantially free from Yglycerides from the Vupper endV of said vertically extended fractionationzone; withdrawing a raffinate phase containing aminor proportion of said fatty oil Y including the least soluble components thereof from the lower end lof said vertically extended fractionationzone; withdrawing one of said counter-flowing fractions from an intermediate pomt of said verticall'yrextended fractionation separately 1 withdrawing said extract an extract phase containing .25 zone; subjecting Vat .-least a portion ,of the oil in said intermediate fraction to hydrolysis treatment toeifect ,conversion of its glyceride content to fatty acids; and returning said hydrolyzed -material to said vertically extended fractionation zone.

8. A method for producing a fatty acid Vconcentrate from a fatty voil by hydrolysis of the glyceride content thereof and by fractionation of said oil under paracritical conditions with a solvent having a critical temperature not substantially greater than 450 F., which method includes the steps of: continuously contacting .said oil with said solvent under paracritical `conditions vin a vertically extended fractionation zone to form an upflowing extract phase and a downiiowing raiiinate phase, flowing said phases in ,countercurrent relationship with one another, withdrawing an extract phase .and a raiiinate phase from said vertically extending fractionation l zone, subjecting at least a portion of the oil content of one of said phases to ,hydrolysis treatment to convert a portion of the Vglycerides `therein to fatty acids, and fractionating said .hydrolyzed oil with said solvent under paracritical conditions to produce ,an extract phase containing fatty acids and substantially free of .glycerides and recovering a fatty vacid concentrate from said extract phase.

9. A method for producing a fatty acid concentrate from a fatty oil by hydrolysis of the glyceride content thereof and by fractionation of said oil under paracritical conditions with a solvent having a critical temperature not .sub-

stantially greater than 450 F., which method includes the steps of continuously .contacting .said oil with said solvent underparacritical conditions in a vertically extended fractionation zone 'to form an upiiowing extract phase and a downflowing rafnate phase, flowing said phases in countercurrent relationship with one another, withdrawing an extract phase and a .raffinate phase from said vertically extending fractionation zone, subjecting at least a portion .of the oil content of one of said phases to .hydrolysis treatment, regulating the conditions of hydrolysis to `restrict conversion of Aglycerides to 4fatty acids to retain in the fatty oil hydrolysis product not substantially less than 25% vof glycerides, subjecting the fatty oil hydrolysis product `to countercurrent solvent fractionation with said solvent under paracritica'l conditions to fractionate said fatty oil hydrolysis product into a rainatephase and an extract phase Ycontaining fatty acids and substantially free from glycerides and recovering Aa fatty acid said extract phase.

10. A method for producing a fatty acid `concentrate which comprises subjecting a fatty oil containing glycerides .to hydrolysis treatment, regulating the conditions of .hydrolysis tn restrict conversion of glycerides to fatty acids to .retain in the fatty oil rhydrolysis product not substantially less `than 25% of glycerides, subjecting the fatty oil .hydrolysis product to countercurrent solvent fractionation in a vertically extended fractionation zone with a solvent having la critical temperature not substantially greater than 450 F. `under paracriticalconditions, regulating the temperature, pressure and reflux conditions of said fractionation .to fractionate said fatty oil hydrolysis product into an extract containing fatty acids and substantially free from glycerides -and a railinate phase, separately withdrawing the extract and raffinate phases,

concentrate from recovering a ffatty acid `concentrate from said extract phase, passing at least a portion of said raiiinate phase toa second vertically extended fractionation zone and contacting said raffinate phase therein with additional solvent to form a small secondary raflinate phase and a secondary extract phase :more concentrated in glycerides than said fatty oil hydrolysis product.

11. A method for producing a fatty acid concentrate which comprises subjecting a fatty oil containing glycerides to solvent fractionation with ya solvent having a critical temperature not substantially greater than 450 F. under para- .critical conditions inan elongated countercurrent rei-lux fractionation zone to form oppositely owing extract .and raihnate phases, regulating the temperature, pressure and reflux conditions in said zone to forma primary extract phase containing va substantial proportion of glycerides and aprimary railinate phasecontaining a minor proportion of said fatty oil mixture including the least soluble components thereof; separately withdrawing the extract and raflinate phases; refractionating said primary extract phase to separate it into an intermediate lower fraction containing at least a major portion of the oil `component thereof and an upper intermediate fraction of increased solvent power containing a major .portion of the solvent component thereof; subjecting at least a portion of the oil in said lower intermediate fraction to hydrolysis treatment to effect conversion of a portion of the glycerides contained therein lto fatty acids; recovering from said hydrolysis treatment a fatty oil mixture comprisingglycerides and fatty acids; introducing said last-mentioned fatty oil mixture ,into .a `second countercurrent yreux fractionation zone; introducing said intermediate upper fraction tinto said second zone ata point substantially nearer the rafiinate discharge of said second zone than the `point of introduction of said last-mentioned .fatty oil mixture and flowing in countercurrent contact therewith; regulating the temperature, pressure and reflux conditions kof said second .zone to form a final extract phase containing fatty acids and substantially free from glycerides; separately withdrawing the final extract phase and recovering the fatty acid concentrate therefrom; separately withdrawing from said second zone a second vphase containing fatty oil more concentrated in glycerides than said fatty oil mixture recovered from said hydrolysis treatment.

12. A method for lproducing a fatty acid concentrate from a fatty oil by hydrolysis of the glyceride content thereof and .by `fractionation of said oil .under paracritical conditions with a solvent having a critical temperature Vnot ysubstantially greater than 450" F., which method includes the :steps of: .continuously contacting Vsaidoil with said .solvent under paracritical conditions .in a vertically `extended lfractionation zone to rform an .upflowingfextract phase and ,a

downiiowing .raffinate phase, flowing said phases in countercurrent relationship `with-one another to separatein said extract 4phase only a relatively small proportion of the .fatty oil charge, but

containinga large proportionof the unsaponiflable vconstituents of said said small extract charge, .withdrawing phase and a large raffinate ,phase and subjecting at .least .a :portion of the oil in said ralhnate phase to hydrolysis treatment to `partially convert the lglycerides therein to fatty acids, subjecting the fatty -oil hydrolysis product to countercurrent solvent fractionation with said solventl under paracritical conditions `containing glycerides to vhydrolysis treatment,

regulating the conditions of hydrolysis to restrict conversion of glycerides to fatty acids to v, retain in the fatty oil hydrolysis product not substantially less than 25% of glycerides, subjecting `the fatty oil hydrolysis product to countercurrent i solvent fractionation in a vertically extended `fractionation zone with a solvent having a critical temperature not substantially greater than `450" F. under paracritical conditions, regulating `the temperature, pressure and reflux conditions of said fractionation to fractionate said fatty oil hydrolysis product into an extract containing fatty acids and substantially free yfrom glycerides and a raffinate phase, separately withdrawing the extract and raffinate phases, Vrecovering a fatty acid concentrate from said extract phase, passing at least a portion of said raffinate phase to a second vertically extended fractionation zone and contacting said rainate phase therein with additional solvent Vto form a small secondary raffinate phase and a secondary extract phase containing glycerides, separating at least a portion of the oil content of said secondary extract phase and returning it to said hydrolysis treatment. f

14. A method for producing a fatty acid concentrate which comprises subjecting a fatty oil mixture containing glycerides to solvent fractionation with a solvent having a critical temperature not substantially greater than 450 F. under paracritical conditions in an elongated countercurrent reflux fractionation Zone to form oppositely'flowing extract and raiiinate phases, regulating the temperature, pressure and reflux conditions in said zone to form a primary extract phase containing a substantial proportion of glycerides and a primary rainate phase containing a minor proportion of said fatty oil mixture, including the .least soluble components thereof; separately withdrawing the extract and raffinate phases; treating said extract phase to reduce the solvent power of said solvent and to precipitate a lower oil phase containing at least a major portion of the oil component thereof and an upper solvent phase of increased solvent power containing a major portion of the solvent component thereof; subjecting at least a portion of the oil in said lower oil phase to hydrolysis treatment to effect conversion of a portion of the glycerides contained therein to fatty acids; recovering from said hydrolysis treatment a fatty oil mixture comprising glycerides and fatty acids; introducing said last-mentioned fatty oil mixture into a second countercurrent lreflux fractionation zone; introducing said upper phase into said second zone at a point substantially nearer the raffinate discharge of said second zone than the point of introduction of said lastmentioned fatty oil mixture and flowing in countercurrent contact therewith; regulating the temperature, pressure and reflux conditions of said second zone to form a nnal extract phase containing fatty acids and substantially free from glycerides; separately withdrawing the final extract phase and recovering the fatty acid concentrate therefrom; separately withdrawing from said second zone a second phase containing fatty oil more concentrated in glycerides than said fatty oil mixture recovered from said hydrolysis treatment.

15. A process for treating a fatty oil containing glycerides and fatty acids which comprises introducing said oil at an intermediate point in a vertically extended countercurrent reflux fractionation zone, introducing to a lower rportion of said zone a solvent having a critical temperature not substantially greater than 450 E., maintaining said zone under paracritical conditions to form oppositely flowing extract and raffinate phases, regulating the temperature, pressure and reiiux conditions in said zone to form a raffinate phase containing color bodies and other components of low solubility and an extract phase containing fatty acids and glycerides, withdrawing a portion of said extract phase from a high point in said fractionation Zone where the glyceride concentration is low and recovering a fatty acid product from said withdrawn extract phase, withdrawing a second portion of said extract phase from a low point in said fractionation Zone where the glyceride concentration is high, treating said withdrawn second portion of said extract phase to reduce the solvent power of said solvent and to precipitate a lower oil phase containing at least a major portion of the oil component thereof and an upper solvent phase of increased solvent power containing a major portion of the solvent component thereof; subjecting at least a portion of the oil in said lower oil phase to hydrolysis and returning said upper solvent phase to a point in said fractionation zone below the point of introduction of said oil.

16. A method for producing a fatty acid concentrate which comprises subjecting a fatty oil containing glycerides to hydrolysis treatment to convert a portion of the glycerides to fatty acids, introducing the fatty oil hydrolysis product into a vertically elongated countercurrent redux-fractionation zone at an intermediate point thereof, introducing into said zone at a point near the bottom thereof a solvent having a critical temperature not substantially greater than 450 F., flowing said solvent upwardly through said zone under paracritical conditions to form counter-flowing extract and raffinate phases, withdrawing a final extract phase from said zone at the top thereof and withdrawing a final rainate phase from said Zone at the bottom thereof, treating the extract phase flowing upwardly in said zone above the point of introduction of said fatty oil hydrolysis product to reduce the solvent power of said extract phase for less soluble components of the fatty oil mixture to form a lower raffinate phase which flows downwardly in said zone above said point of introduction, regulating the temperature, pressure and reflux conditions of said fractionation whereby the oil component of said nal extract phase contains fatty acids and is substantially free from glycerides and said final raffinate phase contains a minor proportion of the less soluble components of said fatty oil, withdrawing from said Zone an intermediate fraction more concentrated in glycerides than said fatty oil hydrolysis product and passing said intermediate fraction to said hydrolysis treatment.

1'7. The method of claim 16 wherein said intermediate fraction is a portion of said lower rafiinate phase owing downwardly in said zone.

29 30 18. The method of claim 16 wherein said inter- References Cited in the file of this patent mediate fraction is a portion of the extract phase UNITED STATES PATENTS flowing upwardly in said zone.

19. The method of claim 16 wherein a charge Number Name Date oil containing color bodies and a minor propor- 5 2,118,454 Schaafsma May 241 1938 tion of fatty acids is introduced into said verti- 23291889 Ewmg Sept- 21 1943 cally elongated countercurrent reuxfraction FOREIGN PATENTS ation zone at a point between the points of in- Number Country Date troduction of said fatty oil hydrolysis product 402,651 Great Britain De@ '7J 1933 and Said Solvent- 10 OTHER REFERENCES GEORGE H PALMER, Bailey, Industrial Oil and Fat Products,

1945, Interseience Publishers, Inc., N. Y., page 519. 

1. A METHOD FOR PRODUCING A FATTY ACID CONCENTRATE WHICH COMPRISES SUBJECTING A FATTY OIL CONTAINING GLYCERIDES TO HYDROLYSIS TREATMENT, REGULATING THE CONDITIONS OF HYDROLYSIS TO RESTRICT CONVERSION OF GLYCERIDES TO FATTY ACIDS TO RETAIN IN THE FATTY OIL HYDROLYSIS PRODUCT NOT SUBSTANTIALLY LESS THAN 25 PER CENT OF GLYCERIDES, SUBJECTING THE FATTY OIL HYDROLYSIS PRODUCT TO COUNTERCURRENT SOLVENT FRACTIONATION WITH A SOLVENT HAVING A CRITICAL TEMPERATURE NOT SUBSTANTIALLY GREATER THAN 450* F. UNDER PARACRITICAL CONDITIONS, REGULATING THE TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE AND REFLUX CONDITIONS OF SAID FRACTIONATION TO FRACTIONATE SAID FATTY OIL HYDROLYSIS PRODUCT INTO AN EXTRACT CONTAINING FATTY ACIDS AND SUBSTANTIALLY FREE FROM GLYCERIDES AND A RAFFINATE PHASE CONTAINING A MINOR PROPORTION OF SAID FATTY OIL HYDROLYSIS PRODUCT INCLUDING THE LEAST SOLUBLE COMPONENTS THEREOF, SEPARATELY WITHDRAWING THE EXTRACT AND RAFFINATE PHASES AND WITHDRAWING AN INTERMEDIATE FRACTION MORE CONCENTRATED IN GLYCERIDES THAN SAID FATTY OIL HYDROLYSIS PRODUCT. 